A sub-acquirer is the layer between the seller and the acquirer. Instead of each seller getting accredited directly, they join the sub-acquirer's structure, which takes on the relationship and the risk with the acquirer.
The advantage is access: fast approval, with no minimum volume requirement. The cost is control: the rules for holdback, reserve, and blocking belong to the sub-acquirer, and the account can be closed by its decision.
It's this arrangement that underpins most digital product platforms, and it's what explains why two gateways can have such different approval behavior with the same card network behind them.